{"id":3668,"date":"2015-10-02T14:06:34","date_gmt":"2015-10-02T08:36:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/?p=3668"},"modified":"2015-10-02T14:08:28","modified_gmt":"2015-10-02T08:38:28","slug":"today-is-gandhis-birthday","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/fr\/today-is-gandhis-birthday\/","title":{"rendered":"Le 146 \u00e8me anniversaire de Gandhi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;Inde c\u00e9l\u00e8bre le\u00a0Gandhi Jayanati \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion du 146 \u00e8me anniversaire de Gandhi.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9 en 1869 dans l\u2019Etat actuel du Gujarat, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, appel\u00e9 aussi Mahatma Gandhi (\u00ab\u00a0mahatma\u00a0\u00bb signifiant \u00ab\u00a0grande \u00e2me\u00a0\u00bb), est un des principaux pionniers et th\u00e9oriciens de la r\u00e9sistance par la d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile. Son investissement dans la sph\u00e8re politique indienne inspira largement le mouvement d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019Inde.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-young.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-3671 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-young.jpg\" alt=\"Gandhi young\" width=\"496\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-young.jpg 496w, https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-young-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Gandhi est n\u00e9 dans une famille riche, influente et pieuse du Gujarat. Tr\u00e8s jeune, il d\u00e9cide de quitter son pays natal pour suivre des \u00e9tudes de droit \u00e0 Londres. Au cours de sa formation acad\u00e9mique, il participe \u00e0 des associations de lutte (v\u00e9g\u00e9tarisme), ce qu\u2019il lui donne un premier aper\u00e7u de l\u2019organisation d\u2019une institution.<br \/>\nSon retour en Inde en 1891 n\u2019est pas \u00e9vident. L\u2019exercice de sa profession se confronte \u00e0 un certain nombre d\u2019obstacles, notamment un conflit avec un fonctionnaire britannique. Il d\u00e9nonce \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019arrogance racial\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019avidit\u00e9 de pouvoir\u00a0\u00bb de ce fonctionnaire. Son retour au pays est d\u2019une courte dur\u00e9e puisqu\u2019il repart en 1893 pour l\u2019Afrique du Sud, en tant qu\u2019avocat d\u2019une entreprise indienne. La confrontation \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9gr\u00e9gationniste joue un r\u00f4le essentiel dans le murissement de la pens\u00e9e de Gandhi. Il reste en Afrique du Sud jusqu\u2019en 1915.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est alors le d\u00e9but du combat pour l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du sous-continent indien. Principalement interm\u00e9diaire entre le parti Swaraj et le Congr\u00e8s national indien, Gandhi reste en dehors de toutes les agitations des ann\u00e9es 1920. Son appel en 1919 \u00e0 la Satyagraha pour protester contre le <em>Rowlatt Act<\/em> fut \u00e0 l\u2019origine de nombreuses violences de la part d\u2019indiens envers des familles britanniques. La r\u00e9pression fut terrible \u00e0 Amritsar. Des milliers d\u2019indiens p\u00e9rirent en bravant l\u2019interdiction des rassemblements de plus de 5 personnes. Gandhi d\u00e9non\u00e7a la violence pr\u00e9sente dans les deux camps.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Gandhi lance son premier mouvement de d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile en mars 1930 avec la tr\u00e8s r\u00e9put\u00e9e marche du sel. Cette marche dura plus de 20 jours et s\u2019\u00e9tendit sur 400 km. Elle d\u00e9boucha sur le <em>Gandhi-Irwin Pact<\/em> (lib\u00e9ration des 60 000 prisonniers indiens contre la fin du mouvement de d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-Old.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-3670 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-Old.jpg\" alt=\"old Gandhi\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-Old.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gandhi-Old-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Jusqu\u2019en 1945, Gandhi lutte pour l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019Inde. Lorsque la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre Mondiale \u00e9clate en 1939, il appelle \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0un appui moral non violent\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 l\u2019effort de guerre britannique. Selon lui, l\u2019Inde ne peut participer \u00e0 une guerre ayant pour but la libert\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique, alors que cette derni\u00e8re est refus\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Inde. Avec la guerre qui progresse, il multiplie les demandes d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et lance le mouvement <em>Quit India<\/em>, r\u00e9solution visant \u00e0 chasser les anglais des terres indiennes. Apr\u00e8s deux ans d\u2019emprisonnement et de lourdes pertes (mort par arr\u00eat cardiaque de sa femme et de son conseiller en prison, massacre de milliers d\u2019indiens), le mouvement finit par remplir ses objectifs.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Il joue un r\u00f4le crucial dans la transition de 1945-1947. Son combat va d\u00e9sormais l\u2019amener \u00e0 n\u00e9gocier avec la ligue musulmane dirig\u00e9e par Muhammad Ali Jinnah, ligue politique tr\u00e8s populaire dans le Pendjab, le Bengale Est et le Sind. Il s\u2019oppose visc\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la scission de l\u2019Inde en deux Etats ind\u00e9pendants et milite pour une union indienne, quelque soit les religions. Cependant, la partition est vot\u00e9e par le congr\u00e8s afin d\u2019\u00e9viter une guerre civile entre musulmans et hindous. En 1948, Gandhi fut assassin\u00e9 par Nathuram Godse \u00e0 New Delhi. Ce dernier, hindou nationaliste, le tenait pour responsable de la partition du pays et de son affaiblissement.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Gandhi est reconnu aujourd\u2019hui comme le P\u00e8re de la Nation en Inde. Son anniversaire est devenu une f\u00eate nationale. Cette date a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Journ\u00e9e internationale de la non-violence\u00a0\u00bb par l&rsquo;Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies en 2007. A notre plus grande surprise, l\u2019anniversaire de Gandhi se c\u00e9l\u00e8bre tr\u00e8s discr\u00e8tement et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en famille. Seules les \u00e9coles organisent des rassemblements pour honorer la m\u00e9moire du p\u00e8re spirituel indien du XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/1000_INR_Obs_LR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-3669 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/1000_INR_Obs_LR.png\" alt=\"Gandhi INR\" width=\"494\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/1000_INR_Obs_LR.png 494w, https:\/\/blog.bedandchai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/1000_INR_Obs_LR-300x123.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>On conna\u00eet tous au moins une ou deux citations de Gandhi. Celles-ci sont encore dans beaucoup de discours indiens. De l&rsquo;homme politique au simple citoyen indien les pr\u00e9ceptes de Gandhi continuent de guider les actions de ses h\u00e9ritiers. En Inde l&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage de Gandhi est \u00e0 la fois partout et absent. Il reste un point de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les indiens mais l&rsquo;\u00e9volution de l&rsquo;Inde, la voie vers le capitalisme lib\u00e9ral emprunt\u00e9 par l&rsquo;Inde, \u00e9clipsent les discours de Gandhi. Quelques penseurs indiens ont remis en question les prises de positions de Gandhi vis-\u00e0-vis des castes et de la partition de l&rsquo;Inde. Paradoxalement Gandhi figure sur tous les billets de la roupie indienne alors qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;opposait \u00e0 la th\u00e9saurisation. A New Delhi la Birla House est conserv\u00e9e en souvenir des derniers jours de Gandhi. C&rsquo;est l\u00e0 qu&rsquo;il a v\u00e9cu les quatre derniers mois de sa vie. On ne compte plus le nombre de mus\u00e9es \u00e0 la gloire de Gandhi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>bibliographie<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>En fran\u00e7ais:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M. K. Gandhi, Autobiographie ou mes exp\u00e9riences de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 (1929), Presses Universitaires de France, 2003<\/li>\n<li>Sous la direction de Marie-Pierre Bovy, Gandhi : L\u2019h\u00e9ritage, Silo\u00eb, 2001<\/li>\n<li>Gandhi et l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019Inde : 50e anniversaire, Alternatives non violentes, 1997<\/li>\n<li>Jean-Marie Muller, Gandhi l\u2019insurg\u00e9 : l\u2019\u00e9pop\u00e9e de la marche du sel, Albin Michel, 1997<\/li>\n<li>Gandhi, <em>Tous les hommes sont fr\u00e8res <\/em>(Essai Folio, 1991). \u2022 Gandhi, <em>Autobiographie ou mes exp\u00e9riences de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 <\/em>(PUF, 2003).<br \/>\n\u2022 Suzanne Lassier, <em>Gandhi et la non-violence <\/em>(Seuil, 1970). \u2022 Jacques Attali, <em>Gandhi ou l\u2019\u00c9veil des humili\u00e9s <\/em>(Fayard, 2007).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Filmographie:<\/p>\n<p>-Gandhi (1982) Richard Attenborough<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; documentary https:\/\/www.google.co.in\/url?sa=t&#038;rct=j&#038;q=&#038;esrc=s&#038;source=web&#038;cd=1&#038;cad=rja&#038;uact=8&#038;sqi=2&#038;ved=0CBwQtwIwAGoVChMIjojCtIifyAIVDAqOCh1TuwRw&#038;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DibagACLb-6s&#038;usg=AFQjCNFFR19sOKoZp_GrwBtfizvvM93a5g&#038;sig2=VwR70CtSYTA-Y24_gHkOww<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Niels&#038;Adrien<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;Inde c\u00e9l\u00e8bre le\u00a0Gandhi Jayanati \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion du 146 \u00e8me anniversaire de Gandhi. N\u00e9 en 1869 dans l\u2019Etat actuel du Gujarat, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, appel\u00e9 aussi Mahatma Gandhi (\u00ab\u00a0mahatma\u00a0\u00bb signifiant \u00ab\u00a0grande \u00e2me\u00a0\u00bb), est un des principaux pionniers et th\u00e9oriciens de la r\u00e9sistance par la d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile. Son investissement dans la sph\u00e8re politique indienne inspira largement [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":3670,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Today is Gandhi's birthday!","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6,648],"tags":[694,693,15,334,689,690,691,692],"class_list":{"0":"post-3668","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-events-festivals","8":"category-histoireetreligions","9":"tag-694","10":"tag-birthday","11":"tag-gandhi","12":"tag-independance","13":"tag-jayanati","14":"tag-non-violence","15":"tag-pacifism","16":"tag-partition","17":"czr-hentry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le 146 \u00e8me anniversaire de Gandhi - Bed &amp; Cha\u00ef Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 in the current State of Gujarat. 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